This tabulator was the first important application of a computer in History: in competition against a few other inventions, Hollerith`s machine won the contract for the North American census of 1890. The machine was in service until the 1930`s. In 1896 Hermann Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC), renamed in 1911 Computer Tabulating Recording (CTR), and in 1924 International Business Machines (IBM). 1907: electro-mechanic tabulator using perforated cards, by James Powers. 1872: Analogue computer used to calculate sea ebb and flow, designed by Lord Kelvin with James Thomas, built by J. White. 1865: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) discovers that electricity and magnetism is one single force, that according to him propagates in the form of waves. Turion 64 processors (but not Turion 64 X2 processors) are compatible with AMD`s Socket 754 and are equipped with 512 or 1024 Kb of L2 cache, a 64-bit single channel on-die memory controller, and an 800 MegaHertz Hyper Transport bus. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), another standard of characters, which can be read by humans or can also be executed as a programme, through another programme that will act as a translator or as an interpreter (for example, a user agent for Hyper Text Mark-up Language).



















His description of browsing the Memex of linked information includes the ability of easily inserting new information by anyone, adding to the growing Memex, as the hyper text system does today in the Gopher Protocol, or in the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and Mark-up Language used by the World Wide Web. Boolean Logic is today used by search engines and for many other purposes. Together with his essay of 1854, it is the origin of the Boolean Logic used today for different purposes. Most advanced computers built since the mid 1940`s are fully electronic, although purely mechanical or electro-mechanical counters or calculators were built until the 1970`s. 1847: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, essay by George Boole. It was never finished, but it served as a model for some other electro-mechanic computers in numbering base of two (although also some purely mechanic calculators in numbering base of ten continued being made until the 1970`s). 1937-1942: ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer, by John Atanasoff (Iowa State College), in collaboration with Clifford Berry. Most previous computers or calculators had been only mechanic, some had been electro-mechanic, but all of them using numbering base of ten by means of pinion wheels (in the mechanic devices), or of electric relais (in the electro-mechanic devices).



















The suggestion of using perforated cards had been proposed by John Shaw Billings, inspired on automatic weaving machines and on other similar mechanic devices. 1930: following the ideas that had been explained by Wilhelm Gottfried Von Leibnitz in 1676-1679, Couffignal suggests that calculator machines (or computers) should use a numbering base of two instead of using a numbering base of ten. About 1870: Rack and Pinion Calculator Machine, by George Barnard. 1937-1940: Complex Number Calculator, electro-mechanic computer for adding, substracting, multiplying or dividing, using numbering base of two and magnetic relais, by George Stibitz (Bell Telephone), in collaboration with Samuel Williams. 1854: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, algebraic system for enunciators of formal logic, by George Boole. In 1867 Charles Sanders Peirce suggested that the system could be applied to electric circuits, while Claude Shannon explained in 1936 how this application could be done. It was the second important application of a computer in History: the North American census of 1910. The machine was in service until the 1940`s. 1914: machine to play the chess end game of King and Castle against King, by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo.



















1936: essay explaining the application of Boolean Logic to electric circuits, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). In his essay "As We May Think", he describes his vision for a computer aided text system that he named "Memex". At parties, Gillette enjoyed using his mirror system to watch his guests return to the bar for a refill, only to fumble around aimlessly for the lever. Billiards graced the green baize in Liverpool this week but few wanted to watch the British Open. If the current world champion, Geet Sethi, met the monarch she would assume he was an Indian diplomat while the great British public would be wholly non-plussed. Sethi, pinpointing the reason why. He and other pioneers declare that advances in Robotics and in Automatics (from the Greek word "automaton", meaning "that who acts by itself"), will make possible the construction of thinking machines. 1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy.



































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